Dentists in Southampton
170 dental practices covering the SO postcode area, NHS and private both, from CQC's public register. Check with a practice directly about NHS availability.
| Practice | Address | Postcode | Phone | Details |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abbey Orthodontics | 82 The Hundred, Romsey | SO51 8BX | 01794519589 | CQC page → |
| Acorn Dental Health | 22 Lower Northam Road, Hedge End, Southampton | SO30 4FQ | 01489785087 | CQC page → |
| Acorn Dental Health | 22 Lower Northam Road, Hedge End, Southampton | SO30 4FQ | 01489785087 | CQC page →Website → |
| Appollonia Dental Practice | 10 Testwood Lane, Totton, Southampton | SO40 3AQ | 02380870066 | CQC page → |
| Arbour Dental Practice | 9 Stockbridge Road, Winchester | SO22 6RN | 01962862314 | CQC page →Website → |
| Atlantic Clinic Ltd | Unit 4, Mountbatten Business Centre, Millbrook Road East, Southampton | SO15 1HY | 02380637374 | CQC page → |
| Avenue House Lymington Limited | 44 Southampton Road, Lymington | SO41 9GG | 01590672100 | CQC page →Website → |
| Barker Dental Care | 9 Barnes Lane, Sarisbury Green, Southampton | SO31 7DA | 01489572308 | CQC page →Website → |
| Bassett Dental Practice Ltd | 21 Burgess Road, Bassett, Southampton | SO16 7AP | 02380790935 | CQC page →Website → |
| Beauchamp House Dental Practice | 100 The Hundred, Romsey | SO51 8BY | 01794512550 | CQC page →Website → |
| Beauchamp House Dental Practice | 100 The Hundred, Romsey | SO51 8BY | 01794512550 | CQC page →Website → |
| Bedford Place Dentist | Wilton Lodge, 56 Bedford Place, Southampton | SO15 2DT | 02380333383 | CQC page → |
| Beech Dental Practice | 43 School Road, Hythe, Southampton | SO45 6BH | 02380843319 | CQC page → |
| Beech Dental Practice | 43 School Road, Hythe, Southampton | SO45 6BH | 07402508511 | CQC page → |
| Breath of Fresh Air | Places Leisure Eastleigh, Passfield Avenue, Eastleigh | SO50 9NL | — | CQC page → |
| Bridgeways Dental | 61 Rumbridge Street, Totton, Southampton | SO40 9DT | 02380868833 | CQC page → |
| Brighter Smile Dental Surgery Ltd | 31 Burgess Road, Southampton | SO16 7AP | 02380529543 | CQC page →Website → |
| Bupa Dental Care Lymington | 41-43 Gosport Street, Lymington | SO41 9BB | 01590610910 | CQC page → |
| Bupa Dental Care Milford on Sea | 25 High Street, Milford On Sea, Lymington | SO41 0QF | 01590645343 | CQC page → |
| Bupa Dental Care Southgate Street, Winchester | Anglo St James House, 39a Southgate Street, Winchester | SO23 9EH | 01962670501 | CQC page →Website → |
| Bupa Dental Care Winchester | Marlfield House Dental Practice, Saint James Lane, Winchester | SO22 4NY | 01454771596 | CQC page → |
| Bupa Dental Care Winchester, St Lawrence House | 2 Barnes Close, Winchester | SO23 9QX | 01962853489 | CQC page → |
| Burgess Road Dental Surgery | 314 Burgess Road, Swaythling, Southampton | SO16 3BJ | 02380550111 | CQC page → |
| Burridge Dental Practice | 205 Botley Road, Burridge, Southampton | SO31 1BJ | 01489584757 | CQC page → |
| Bursledon Dental Clinic | Hamble Cottage, Lowford Hill, Bursledon, Southampton | SO31 8ER | — | CQC page → |
| Bursledon Dental Clinic | Hamble Cottage, Lowford Hill, Bursledon, Southampton | SO31 8ER | 023804093428 | CQC page →Website → |
| Capitas Dental | 6B Parchment Street, Winchester | SO23 8AT | — | CQC page → |
| Chesil Dental Practice | 15-17, Bridge Street, Winchester | SO23 0HL | — | CQC page → |
| City Bridge Dental Care | 24 Bridge Street, Winchester | SO23 9BH | 01962852737 | CQC page →Website → |
| Clear Dentistry | Hoe Road, Bishops Waltham, Southampton | SO32 1DS | 01489892240 | CQC page →Website → |
| Clover Dental & Implant Centre | Fleming Avenue, North Baddesley, Romsey | SO52 9EP | 02380738787 | CQC page →Website → |
| Contour Orthodontists | Alison Way, Winchester | SO22 5DD | 01962710880 | CQC page →Website → |
| Copse Lane Dental Surgery Also known as South Cliff Dental Group Hamble |
Copse Lane, Hamble, Southampton | SO31 4QH | 02380457646 | CQC page → |
| Dale Road Dental Clinic Also known as South Cliff Dental Group Shirley Dale |
44 Dale Road, Shirley, Southampton | SO16 6QL | 02380773461 | CQC page → |
| Damira Anglesea | 20 Anglesea Road, Southampton | SO15 5QJ | 02380771544 | CQC page → |
| Damira Quayside | RU10 and RU11 Austen Heights (Centenary Plaza, Centenary Plaza, Centenary Quay, Southampton | SO19 9UE | 02081509751 | CQC page →Website → |
| Damira Quayside 2 | Units 13/14, Centenary Plaza, Southampton | SO19 9UL | 02380014710 | CQC page → |
| Damira Shirley | 10-12 Cannon Street, Shirley, Southampton | SO15 5PQ | 02380784104 | CQC page →Website → |
| Damira Woolston | 58 Portsmouth Road, Woolston, Southampton | SO19 9AF | 02380448715 | CQC page →Website → |
| Danica Payne Aesthetics & Dental | Unit 70, Lower Level, West Quay Shopping Centre, Southampton | SO15 1QE | 02380392070 | CQC page → |
| Dental Confidence | 24 Westwood Road, Southampton | SO17 1DN | 02380328900 | CQC page →Website → |
| Dental Health Practice | 38-40 High Street, West End, Southampton | SO30 3DR | 02380473612 | CQC page →Website → |
| Dentistry@OceanaBoulevard | 11 Briton Street, Southampton | SO14 3HU | 02380223000 | CQC page →Website → |
| Dovecote Dental Care | 6 Shamblehurst Centre, Shamblehurst Lane South, Southampton | SO30 2HD | 01489788114 | CQC page → |
| Dr Elmar Jung Dental Clinic | 14 Millbrook Road East, Southampton | SO15 1HY | — | CQC page → |
| Eastleigh Dental Surgery Partnership Also known as South Cliff Dental Group Eastleigh |
4 Desborough Road, Eastleigh | SO50 5NX | 02380614776 | CQC page → |
| Fair Oak Dental Practice | 1 Campbell Way, Fair Oak, Eastleigh | SO50 7AX | 02380694030 | CQC page → |
| Ferry Dental Centre | 31-32, Canute Road, Southampton | SO14 3FJ | 02380332255 | CQC page →Website → |
| Forest Gate Dental Care | Hazel Farm Road, Totton, Southampton | SO40 8WU | 02380663551 | CQC page → |
| Forestside Dental Practice | Beaulieu Road, Dibden Purlieu, Southampton | SO45 4JA | 07773372113 | CQC page → |
| Forestside Dental Practice | Beaulieu Road, Dibden Purlieu, Southampton | SO45 4JA | 07773372113 | CQC page → |
| Forestside Dental Practice | Beaulieu Road, Dibden Purlieu, Southampton | SO45 4JA | 02380879088 | CQC page → |
| Forestside Dental Practice | Beaulieu Road, Dibden Purlieu, Southampton | SO45 4JA | 07773372113 | CQC page → |
| Fryern Dental Practice | DENTAL SURGERY 119a Winchester Road, Chandler's Ford, Eastleigh | SO53 2DR | 02380262607 | CQC page →Website → |
| Gentle Dental Care | 6B Parchment Street, Winchester | SO23 8AT | — | CQC page → |
| Gentle Dental Care Southampton | 2 Somerset Avenue, Southampton | SO18 5FL | 02382029029 | CQC page → |
| Gentle Dental Practice | 2 Somerset Avenue, Southampton | SO18 5FL | 02382029029 | CQC page →Website → |
| GG Orthodontics | St. Pauls Gate, Cross Street, Winchester | SO23 8SZ | 01962864222 | CQC page → |
| Gosport Street Partnership | 41-43 Gosport Street, Lymington | SO41 9BB | 01454771596 | CQC page → |
| Grove Dental Surgery | Shirley Health Centre, Grove Road, Shirley, Southampton | SO15 3UH | 02380778338 | CQC page → |
| Hampshire Dentists | 10 Carlton Crescent, Southampton | SO15 2EZ | — | CQC page → |
| Hampshire Endodontics (Winchester) | Lower Ground Floor, 33 Southgate Street, Winchester | SO23 9EH | — | CQC page → |
| Hartog at Alresford | 4 Pound Hill, Alresford | SO24 9BW | 01962733580 | CQC page →Website → |
| Hartog at Botley | 21 High Street, Botley, Southampton | SO30 2EA | 01489781955 | CQC page →Website → |
| Hartog at Twyford | The Old Fire Station, Hazeley Road, Twyford, Winchester | SO21 1PT | 01962714459 | CQC page →Website → |
| Heatherstone (Romsey) Limited Also known as Heatherstone Dental Practice |
Dental Surgery, 65 The Hundred, Romsey | SO51 8BZ | 01794513100 | CQC page →Website → |
| Heatherstone Dental Practice | 65 The Hundred, Romsey | SO51 8BZ | 01794513100 | CQC page → |
| Hedge End Dental Surgery | Saracen House, 6 Freegrounds Avenue, Hedge End, Southampton | SO30 0ZU | 01489790661 | CQC page → |
| Hendrickse Dental Health | 78 Botley Road, North Baddesley, Southampton | SO52 9DU | 02380738564 | CQC page → |
| Hilltop Dental Practice | 340 Hill Lane, Southampton | SO15 7PH | 02380775900 | CQC page → |
| HMP Winchester | Romsey Road, Winchester | SO22 5DF | 02380608900 | CQC page → |
| Hursley Road Dental Practice | 157 Hursley Road, Chandler's Ford, Eastleigh | SO53 1JH | 02380267141 | CQC page →Website → |
| Inspired Dentistry Southampton | 1-2 Cerne Close, West End, Southampton | SO18 3NG | 02380328888 | CQC page →Website → |
| Lockswood Dental Practice | 38 Locks Heath Centre, Centre Way, Locks Heath, Southampton | SO31 6DX | 01489574046 | CQC page →Website → |
| Lordshill Dental Surgery Also known as Aspire Dental Care Lordshill |
Lordshill District Centre, Southampton | SO16 8HY | 02380738916 | CQC page → |
| Lowen Dental Spa | 1 Radcliffe Row, Abbotswood Common Road, Romsey | SO51 0DU | 02380266658 | CQC page →Website → |
| Marchwood Dental Practice | The Old Forge, Hythe Road, Marchwood, Southampton | SO40 4WU | 02380663414 | CQC page →Website → |
| Marlfield Saint James Partnership | Marlfield House, St James Lane, Winchester | SO22 4NY | 01454771596 | CQC page → |
| Merrygate Dental Practice | The Car Park, Brockenhurst | SO42 7RD | 01590623028 | CQC page →Website → |
| Merrystead Dental Practice | 147 Hampton Lane, Blackfield, Southampton | SO45 1WE | 07708045402 | CQC page → |
| Merrystead Dental Practice | 147 Hampton Lane, Blackfield, Southampton | SO45 1WE | 07748281212 | CQC page → |
| Milford Dental Practice Partnership | 25 High Street, Milford On Sea, Lymington | SO41 0QF | 01590645343 | CQC page → |
| MyDentist - The Hundred - Romsey Also known as mydentist |
35 The Hundred, Romsey | SO51 8GE | 01794514562 | CQC page →Website → |
| Mydentist - West Street - Alresford Also known as mydentist |
Berukin, 38 West Street, Alresford | SO24 9AU | 01962735532 | CQC page →Website → |
| mydentist, Eastleigh | 60 Market Street, Eastleigh | SO50 5RB | 02380613535 | CQC page →Website → |
| New Forest Orthodontics | 25 St. Thomas Street, Lymington | SO41 9NB | 01590679111 | CQC page →Website → |
| NIGHT AND DAY EMERGENCY DENTIST | 6 Leigh Road, Eastleigh | SO50 9FH | 07415849849 | CQC page → |
| Oak Lodge Dental Practice | Rhinefield Road, Brockenhurst | SO42 7SR | 01590622928 | CQC page → |
| Oakdene Dental Practice | 9 Long Lane, Holbury, Southampton | SO45 2LF | 02380982559 | CQC page → |
| Oakley Road Dental Practice | 84 Oakley Road, Shirley, Southampton | SO16 4LJ | 02380771450 | CQC page → |
| Oakwood Dental Practice | 61 High Street, Botley, Southampton | SO30 2ES | — | CQC page →Website → |
| Ocean Village Dental Clinic | Enhance Studio, Sapphire Court, Cobalt Quarter, Maritime Walk, Ocean Village, Southampton | SO14 3JY | 02380639530 | CQC page → |
| Octagon Dental care | 531 Bitterne Road East, Southampton | SO18 5EQ | 02380442100 | CQC page → |
| Oliver's Battery Dental Surgery | 94 Olivers Battery Road South, Winchester | SO22 4EZ | 01962877877 | CQC page → |
| OMU | Home Mead, High Street, Twyford, Winchester | SO21 1NW | 01962790156 | CQC page →Website → |
| ORION Dental & Implant Centre | 57 Leigh Road, Eastleigh | SO50 9DF | 02382500500 | CQC page → |
| Parchment Street Dental Practice | 22-23 Parchment Street, Winchester | SO23 8AZ | 01962856748 | CQC page → |
| Pasadena Dental Practice | 56 Wimpson Lane, Millbrook, Southampton | SO16 4QF | 02380773345 | CQC page →Website → |
| Peartree Dental Care Also known as Oradent - Southampton, Hampshire |
215 Peartree Avenue, Bitterne, Southampton | SO19 7RD | 02380447753 | CQC page → |
| Periosouth | Worthy Clinic, Basingstoke Road, Kings Worthy, Winchester | SO23 7QF | 01962767900 | CQC page →Website → |
| Philmar Dental Surgery | Blackfield Road, Blackfield, Southampton | SO45 1WD | 02380897876 | CQC page → |
| Portland Street Dental Care | 3 Portland Street, Southampton | SO14 7EB | 02380335156 | CQC page →Website → |
| Portland Street Dental Clinic Also known as South Cliff Dental Group Central Southampton |
Flat 1 & 2, 10 Portland Street, Southampton | SO14 7EB | 02380635248 | CQC page →Website → |
| Pro-Dent Dental Surgery Also known as South Cliff Dental Group Shirley |
31 St Edmunds Road, Southampton | SO16 4RF | — | CQC page → |
| Pro-Dent Dental Surgery Also known as South Cliff Dental Group Shirley |
31 St Edmunds Road, Southampton | SO16 4RF | — | CQC page → |
| Queens Terrace Dental Practice | 26 Queens Terrace, Southampton | SO14 3BQ | 02380335005 | CQC page → |
| Romsey Dental Care Limited | Unit 2 Eastwood Court, Broadwater Road, Romsey | SO51 8JJ | 01794522222 | CQC page → |
| Rownhams Lane Dental Practice | 30 Rownhams Lane, North Baddesley, Romsey | SO52 9GG | 02380733324 | CQC page → |
| Royal South Hants Hospital | Brinton’s Terrace, Southampton | SO14 0YG | — | CQC page → |
| Shield House Dentistry Ltd | Shield House, Brook Street, Bishops Waltham, Southampton | SO32 1AX | 01489894496 | CQC page →Website → |
| Shirley Avenue Dental Care | 34 Shirley Avenue, Southampton | SO15 5NG | 02380774056 | CQC page →Website → |
| Shirley Health Centre Also known as The Grove Dental Practice |
Grove Road, Shirley Health Centre, Southampton | SO15 3UA | 02380778338 | CQC page → |
| Slawomir Stobiecki Limited | Highfield Dental Care, 22 University Road, Southampton | SO17 1TJ | 02380557063 | CQC page → |
| Smile Dental Care | 17 Oakmount Road, Chandler's Ford, Eastleigh | SO53 2LG | — | CQC page → |
| Smile Dental Care Eastleigh Also known as Smile Dental Care Group - Eastleigh |
40 Chamberlayne Road, Eastleigh | SO50 5JH | — | CQC page → |
| Smile Dental Care Eastleigh Also known as Smile Dental Care Group - Eastleigh |
40 Chamberlayne Road, Eastleigh | SO50 5JH | — | CQC page → |
| Smilemakers | Beaufort House, Hamble Lane, Bursledon, Southampton | SO31 8BR | 02380442626 | CQC page →Website → |
| Smilemakers | Beaufort House, Hamble Lane, Bursledon, Southampton | SO31 8BR | 02380442626 | CQC page →Website → |
| Solent House Dental Centre | Cannon Street, Lymington | SO41 9BR | 01590672986 | CQC page → |
| Solent House Dental Centre | Cannon Street, Lymington | SO41 9BR | 01590672986 | CQC page → |
| Solent House Dental Centre | Cannon Street, Lymington | SO41 9BR | 01590672986 | CQC page →Website → |
| Solent Orthodontics | 78 Botley Road, North Baddesley, Southampton | SO52 9DU | 02380738564 | CQC page → |
| Solutions Dental Clinic | 23 Stockbridge Road, Winchester | SO22 6RN | 01962864655 | CQC page → |
| Southampton Orthodontic Centre | 43-44 Bedford Place, Southampton | SO15 2DG | 02380220008 | CQC page →Website → |
| Specialist Endodontic Centre Ltd | 47 The Avenue, Southampton | SO17 1XP | — | CQC page → |
| Spring Road Dental Practice | 116 Spring Road, Southampton | SO19 2QB | 02380448552 | CQC page → |
| St Cross Road Dental Practice | 3 St. Cross Road, Winchester | SO23 9JA | 01962853554 | CQC page → |
| St Cuthberts Dental Surgery | 5 Newburgh Street, Winchester | SO23 8UY | 01962852806 | CQC page →Website → |
| St Francis Practice Limited | 5 Pilgrims Close, Chandlers Ford, Eastleigh | SO53 4ST | 02380274200 | CQC page →Website → |
| St James Dental Practice | 7 St. James Terrace, Winchester | SO22 4PP | — | CQC page → |
| Swedental Surgery | New Court House, New Street, Lymington | SO41 9BQ | 01590672436 | CQC page → |
| The Dental Care Centre | 3 Popes Lane, Totton, Southampton | SO40 3DE | 02380863837 | CQC page → |
| The Dental Group - Southampton | 6 Brookvale Road, Highfield, Southampton | SO17 1QL | 02380556449 | CQC page →Website → |
| The Dental Practice | 1 Kenilworth Road, Polygon, Southampton | SO15 2GD | 02380390090 | CQC page → |
| The Dental Practice | 1 Kenilworth Road, Polygon, Southampton | SO15 2GD | 02380390090 | CQC page → |
| The Dental Suite | 16-21 South Street Centre, Hythe, Southampton | SO45 6EB | 02380842106 | CQC page →Website → |
| The Dental Surgery | Empress Road, Lyndhurst | SO43 7AE | 02380282876 | CQC page → |
| The Dental Surgery | 52 Junction Road, Totton, Winchester | SO40 3BW | 02380666007 | CQC page → |
| The Dental Surgery | 52 Junction Road, Totton, Southampton | SO40 3BW | 07908875001 | CQC page → |
| The Old Post House | 55 Main Road, Colden Common, Winchester | SO21 1RP | 01962714152 | CQC page →Website → |
| The River Dental and Cosmetic Clinic | 1 Clarendon Terrace, High Street, Stockbridge | SO20 6EY | 01264810818 | CQC page → |
| The Shirley Road Dental Practice | 112 Shirley Road, Shirley, Southampton | SO15 3FD | 02380224401 | CQC page → |
| The Shirley Road Dental Practice | 112 Shirley Road, Southampton | SO15 3FD | 02380224401 | CQC page → |
| The Smiles Studio | 144 Bournemouth Road, Chandlers Ford, Eastleigh | SO53 3AL | 02380251133 | CQC page →Website → |
| The Smiles Studio | 2 Coronation House, Queen Street, Lymington | SO41 9NH | 01590610210 | CQC page → |
| The Totton Dental Centre Also known as Smile Dental Care Group - Totton |
123 Salisbury Road, Totton, Southampton | SO40 3HZ | 02380871166 | CQC page → |
| The Triangle Surgery Limited | 3 The Triangle, Cobden Avenue, Southampton | SO18 1FZ | 02380554983 | CQC page → |
| The247dentist Emergency Dentist - Southampton | Hamble Lane, Bursledon, Southampton | SO31 8BR | 03301759995 | CQC page →Website → |
| Thornhill Dental Practice | 70 Warburton Road, Southampton | SO19 6HQ | 02380407555 | CQC page →Website → |
| Thornhill Dental Surgery | 70 Warburton Road, Thornhill, Southampton | SO19 6HQ | 02380407555 | CQC page → |
| Thurlow Dental & Facial Aesthetics | Botley Road, Horton Heath, Eastleigh | SO50 7DW | 02380692653 | CQC page →Website → |
| Titchfield Dental Health | 63 Southampton Road, Park Gate, Southampton | SO31 6AH | 07773372113 | CQC page → |
| Totton Also known as Head Office |
116 Commercial Road, Totton, Southampton | SO40 3AD | 01794324249 | CQC page →Website → |
| Trafalgar Holbury Also known as Smile Dental Care Group - Holbury |
Unit 9, Chevron Business Park, Lime Kiln Lane, Holbury, Southampton | SO45 2QL | 02380243227 | CQC page → |
| Trafalgar Woolston Also known as Smile Dental Care Group - Southampton |
2, Victoria Road, Southampton | SO19 9DX | 02380447728 | CQC page → |
| Trust Headquarters | Maples Building, Tatchbury Mount, Southampton | SO40 2RZ | 02380874000 | CQC page →Website → |
| University Dental Practice | 222 Burgess Road, Southampton | SO16 3AY | 02380677635 | CQC page →Website → |
| University Dental Practice | 222 Burgess Road, Southampton | SO16 3AY | 07768583387 | CQC page → |
| Veriam Dental Surgery Limited | Dolton Road, Southampton | SO16 5DT | 02380702007 | CQC page → |
| Vital Family Dental Care - Chandlers Ford | 67 Bournemouth Road, Chandlers Ford, Eastleigh | SO53 3AP | 02380267889 | CQC page →Website → |
| Warsash Dental Practice | 37 Warsash Road, Warsash, Southampton | SO31 9HW | 01489573207 | CQC page →Website → |
| Water Lane Dental Practice | 15, Water Lane, Totton, Southampton | SO40 3DF | 02380866555 | CQC page → |
| Waterside Dental Practice | 40 Langdown Lawn, Hythe, Southampton | SO45 5GR | 02380843318 | CQC page → |
| West End Smile Center Limited | Botley Road, West End, Southampton | SO30 3HA | 02380465391 | CQC page → |
| Westgate Dental Clinic Limited Winchester | Westgate Dental Clinic, 18A Upper High Street, Winchester | SO23 8UX | 01962623456 | CQC page →Website → |
| Weston Lane Centre for Healthy Living Dental | Weston Lane, Southampton | SO19 9GH | — | CQC page →Website → |
| Westrow Dental Surgery | Archers Corner, Westrow Road, Southampton | SO15 2LW | 02380223914 | CQC page → |
| Winchester Orthodontic Practice | St Lawrence House, 2 Barnes Close, Winchester | SO23 9QX | 01962841009 | CQC page →Website → |
| Wordsworth House Dental Practice | 15 Palmerston Street, Romsey | SO51 8GF | 01794512319 | CQC page → |
| 112 Dental Care | 112 Bridge Road, Sarisbury Green, Southampton | SO31 7EP | 01489575200 | CQC page → |
← All areas · Search by postcode instead →
Frequently asked questions
How many dental practices are listed in Southampton (SO)?
170 dental practices are currently listed for Southampton (SO). Always confirm details directly with the dental practice you choose, since specifics can change between updates.
Is this list up to date?
Sourced from CQC (Care Quality Commission) and refreshed periodically. Always confirm NHS patient availability directly, as that changes far more often than a practice's address.
Can I search by postcode instead?
Yes — postcode search ranks the closest dental practices to any address by real distance, rather than showing the whole Southampton (SO) area at once.
Does this cover both NHS and private dentists?
Yes — dentistry is regulated the same way regardless of whether a practice does NHS work, private work, or both, so this list doesn't separate them. Contact a practice directly to ask about NHS availability.